Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, characterized mainly by menstrual cycle irregularities, ovulatory dysfunction, and the presence of cysts in the ovaries.
The main characteristics of PCOS include:
Hormonal disbalance: Particularly an excess of androgens (such as testosterone), which is one of the primary causes of hair thinning or growth on the face, chest, and other areas.
Menstrual cycle disruption: Women with PCOS often experience irregular or absent menstruation.
Amenorrhea or ovulatory dysfunction: Ovulation may not occur, leading to fertility issues.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos
The exact causes of PCOS are not fully understood, but several factors may play a role, including:
Genetic factors: A family history of PCOS can increase the risk for a woman.
Insulin resistance: Some research suggests that women with PCOS may experience insulin resistance, which adds additional metabolic challenges.
Prevention and treatment of PCOS-related conditions include hormonal therapy, blood insulin management, and other approaches depending on the individual's health and situation.
Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential because PCOS can increase the risk of infertility, cyst formation, and other metabolic disorders.
Symptoms and Signs of PCOS:
Irregular menstrual cycle and infertility.
Signs of excess androgens: Hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back, and abdomen), acne, hair thinning.
Multiple ovarian follicles or cysts.
Excess weight, obesity, difficulty in losing weight.
Skin changes: Hyperpigmentation of the skin in areas such as the neck, groin, and armpits.
Hormones that affect PCOS:
Testosterone and androstenedione: Androgens responsible for the symptoms related to hirsutism and acne.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Essential for the maturation of eggs in the ovaries.
Estrogen: A hormone involved in regulating the female reproductive system.
Progesterone: Plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle.
Insulin: Excess insulin can contribute to the development of insulin resistance, a common issue in women with PCOS.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439
Diagnosis: To diagnose PCOS, the following are necessary:
Patient medical history
Physical examination
Laboratory tests (e.g., testosterone levels)
Radiological tests (e.g., ultrasound of the ovaries)
Treatment:
The treatment selection is individualized and includes both lifestyle changes and medication. The treatment strategy is based on the patient’s future fertility plans. It is important to involve both a gynecologist and an endocrinologist.
Healthy lifestyle:
A healthy diet, balanced and rich in nutrients.
Physical activity.
Medications:
Oral contraceptives: Used to regulate the menstrual cycle and improve acne and hirsutism.
Anti-androgen medications: Help reduce the effects of excess testosterone.
Metformin: Regulates insulin function, glucose metabolism, and positively affects ovarian function.
In case of desiring pregnancy, additional treatments are determined with the involvement of a gynecologist or reproductive specialist.
Possible Complications:
Infertility
Endometrial cancer
Metabolic syndrome (obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and impaired carbohydrate metabolism)
Sleep apnea
Depression and anxiety
Gestational diabetes or hypertension
Fatty liver disease